Polycrystalline diamond compact including a substrate having a raised interfacial surface bonded to a polycrystalline diamond table, and applications therefor

ABSTRACT

In various embodiments, a polycrystalline diamond compact (“PDC”) comprises a substrate including an interfacial surface having a raised region. In an embodiment, a PDC comprises a substrate including an interfacial surface having a generally cylindrical raised region and a peripheral region extending about the generally cylindrical raised region. The generally cylindrical raised region extends to a height above the peripheral region of about 450 μm or less. The PDC includes a PCD table bonded to the interfacial surface of the substrate. The PCD table includes an upper surface and at least one peripheral surface, and includes a plurality of bonded diamond grains defining interstitial regions. At least a portion of the interstitial regions includes a metallic constituent therein. In another embodiment, instead of employing a generally cylindrical raised region, the interfacial surface may include a plurality of raised arms extending above the face. Each raised arm extends radially and circumferentially.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/309,488 filed on 2 Mar. 2010, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein, in its entirety, by reference.

BACKGROUND

Wear-resistant, polycrystalline diamond compacts (“PDCs”) are utilized in a variety of mechanical applications. For example, PDCs are used in drilling tools (e.g., cutting elements, gage trimmers, etc.), machining equipment, bearing apparatuses, wire-drawing machinery, and in other mechanical apparatuses.

PDCs have found particular utility as superabrasive cutting elements in rotary drill bits, such as roller-cone drill bits and fixed-cutter drill bits. A PDC cutting element typically includes a superabrasive diamond layer commonly known as a diamond table. The diamond table is formed and bonded to a substrate using a high-pressure/high-temperature (“HPHT”) process. The PDC cutting element may be brazed directly into a preformed pocket, socket, or other receptacle formed in a bit body. The substrate may often be brazed or otherwise joined to an attachment member, such as a cylindrical backing. A rotary drill bit typically includes a number of PDC cutting elements affixed to the bit body. It is also known that a stud carrying the PDC may be used as a PDC cutting element when mounted to a bit body of a rotary drill bit by press-fitting, brazing, or otherwise securing the stud into a receptacle formed in the bit body.

Conventional PDCs are normally fabricated by placing a cemented carbide substrate into a container with a volume of diamond particles positioned on a surface of the cemented carbide substrate. A number of such containers may be loaded into an HPHT press. The substrate(s) and volume(s) of diamond particles are then processed under HPHT conditions in the presence of a catalyst material that causes the diamond particles to bond to one another to form a matrix of bonded diamond grains defining a polycrystalline diamond (“PCD”) table. The catalyst material is often a metal-solvent catalyst (e.g., cobalt, nickel, iron, or alloys thereof) that is used for promoting intergrowth of the diamond particles.

In one conventional approach, a constituent of the cemented carbide substrate, such as cobalt from a cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide substrate, liquefies and sweeps from a region adjacent to the volume of diamond particles into interstitial regions between the diamond particles during the HPHT process. The cobalt acts as a metal-solvent catalyst to promote intergrowth between the diamond particles, which results in formation of a matrix of bonded diamond grains having diamond-to-diamond bonding therebetween. Interstitial regions between the bonded diamond grains are occupied by the metal-solvent catalyst.

The presence of the metal-solvent catalyst in the PCD table is believed to reduce the thermal stability of the PCD table at elevated temperatures experienced during drilling a subterranean rock formation. For example, the metal-solvent catalyst is believed to cause chipping or cracking of the PCD table during drilling or cutting operations, which consequently can degrade the mechanical properties of the PCD table or cause failure. Additionally, some of the diamond grains can undergo a chemical breakdown or back-conversion to graphite via interaction with the metal-solvent catalyst.

One conventional approach for improving the thermal stability of PDCs is to at least partially remove the metal-solvent catalyst from the PCD table of the PDC by acid leaching. Despite the availability of a number of different PDCs, manufacturers and users of PDCs continue to seek improved thermally stable PDCs.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the invention relate to PDCs comprising a substrate including an interfacial surface having one or more raised regions and a PCD table bonded to the interfacial surface. In some embodiments, the geometry of the PCD table and the raised region may be selected so that residual compressive stresses in the PCD table are retained to a sufficient level after leaching a metallic constituent from the PCD table to provide a damage tolerant and thermally-stable PCD table. For example, a thickness of the PCD table over the one or more raised regions and the geometry of the one or more raised regions may be selected so that residual compressive stresses in the PCD table are retained to a sufficient level after leaching to provide a damage tolerant and thermally-stable PCD table.

In an embodiment, a PDC comprises a substrate including an interfacial surface having a generally cylindrical raised region and a peripheral region extending about the generally cylindrical raised region. The generally cylindrical raised region extends to a height above the peripheral region of about 450 μam or less. The PDC further includes a PCD table bonded to the interfacial surface of the substrate. The PCD table includes an upper surface and at least one peripheral surface, and includes a plurality of bonded diamond grains defining a plurality of interstitial regions. At least a portion of the interstitial regions includes a metallic constituent disposed therein.

In an embodiment, a PDC comprises a substrate including an interfacial surface having a face and a plurality of raised arms extending above the face. Each raised arm extends radially and circumferentially over the face. The PDC is bonded to the interfacial surface of the substrate, and includes an upper surface and at least one peripheral surface. The PCD table includes a plurality of bonded diamond grains defining a plurality of interstitial regions. At least a portion of the interstitial regions includes a metallic constituent disposed therein.

Other embodiments include applications utilizing the disclosed PDCs in various articles and apparatuses, such as rotary drill bits, machining equipment, and other articles and apparatuses.

Features from any of the disclosed embodiments may be used in combination with one another, without limitation. In addition, other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art through consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings illustrate several embodiments of the invention, wherein identical reference numerals refer to identical elements or features in different views or embodiments shown in the drawings.

FIG. 1A is an isometric view of an embodiment of a PDC comprising a substrate including an interfacial surface having a raised region and a leached PCD table.

FIG. 1B is an exploded isometric view of the PDC shown in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of the PDC shown in FIG. 1A taken along line 1C-1C thereof.

FIG. 2A is an isometric view of another embodiment of a PDC comprising a substrate including an interfacial surface having a raised region with a plurality of raised arms and a leached PCD table.

FIG. 2B is an exploded isometric view of the PDC shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of the PDC shown in FIG. 2A taken along line 2C-2C thereof.

FIG. 3A is top plan view of a substrate exhibiting an interfacial surface geometry according to yet another embodiment.

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of the substrate shown in FIG. 3A taken along line 3B-3B thereof.

FIG. 3C is top plan view of a substrate exhibiting an interfacial surface geometry according to yet a further embodiment.

FIG. 3D is top plan view of a substrate exhibiting an interfacial surface geometry according to yet a further embodiment.

FIG. 3E is top plan view of a substrate exhibiting an interfacial surface geometry according to yet a further embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the PDC shown in FIGS. 1A-1C illustrating the non-uniformity of the leach depth profile as a function of radial distance according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 5A-5C are cross-sectional views at different stages during the fabrication of the PDC shown in FIGS. 1A-1C according to an embodiment of a method.

FIGS. 6A-6C are cross-sectional views at different stages during the fabrication of the PDC shown in FIGS. 1A-1C according to another embodiment of a method.

FIG. 7 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a rotary drill bit that may employ one or more of the disclosed PDC embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a top elevation view of the rotary drill bit shown in FIG. 7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention relate to PDCs comprising a substrate including an interfacial surface having one or more raised regions and a PCD table bonded to the interfacial surface. In some embodiments, the geometry of the PCD table and the raised region may be selected so that residual compressive stresses in the PCD table are retained to a sufficient level after leaching a metallic constituent (e.g., metal-solvent catalyst or metallic infiltrant) from the PCD table to provide a damage tolerant and thermally-stable PCD table. For example, a thickness (e.g., a minimum thickness) of the PCD table over the one or more raised regions and the geometry of the one or more raised regions may be selected so that residual compressive stresses in the PCD table are retained to a sufficient level even after leaching the PCD table to provide a damage tolerant and thermally-stable PCD table. The disclosed PDCs may be used in a variety of applications, such as rotary drill bits, machining equipment, and other articles and apparatuses.

FIGS. 1A-1C are isometric, exploded isometric, and assembled cross-sectional views, respectively, of an embodiment of a PDC 100. The PDC 100 includes a PCD table 102 and a substrate 104 having an interfacial surface 106 that is bonded to the PCD table 102. For example, the substrate 104 may comprise a cemented carbide substrate, such as tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide, vanadium carbide, niobium carbide, chromium carbide, titanium carbide, or combinations of the foregoing carbides cemented with iron, nickel, cobalt, or alloys thereof. In an embodiment, the cemented carbide substrate may comprise a cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide substrate.

Referring specifically to FIGS. 1B and 1C, the interfacial surface 106 of the substrate 104 includes a generally cylindrical raised region 108 having a substantially planar upper surface 109 and a peripheral region 110 extending about the raised region 108. The raised region 108 may be generally centrally located, and may project above the peripheral region 110 so that the upper surface 109 is a maximum height “h” above the peripheral region 110. For example, the maximum height “h” may be about 450 μm or less, such as about 435 μm or less, about 250 μm to about 355 μm, about 300 μm to about 435 μm, about 100 μm to about 275 μm, or about 325 μm to about 425 μm. The peripheral region 110 is generally annular and exhibits a width “w” of about 200 μm to about 1270 μm, such as 250 μm to about 350 μm. For example, a ratio of h/w may be about 1.2 or less, such as 1.1 or less, about 0.9 to about 1.1, about 0.6 to about 0.95, or about 0.2 to about 0.30. In some embodiments, a fillet 111 (shown with a dashed curve) may be formed between the upper surface 109 and the peripheral region 110. For example, the fillet 111 may exhibit a radius of about 200 μm to about 350 μm, such as about 275 μm to about 305 μm. Also, in some embodiments, a circumferentially-extending chamfer may be formed between the fillet 111 and upper surface 109.

The PCD table 102 includes a plurality of directly bonded-together diamond grains exhibiting diamond-to-diamond bonding (e.g., sp³ bonding) therebetween. The plurality of directly bonded-together diamond grains define a plurality of interstitial regions. The PCD table 102 defines a working upper surface 112 and peripheral surface 114. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper surface 112 includes a substantially planar major surface 116 and a peripherally-extending chamfer 118 that extends between the peripheral surface 114 and the major surface 116. In an embodiment, the PCD table 102 may be formed on the substrate 104 (i.e., integrally formed with the substrate 104) by HPHT sintering diamond particles on the substrate 104. In another embodiment, the PCD table 102 may be a pre-sintered PCD table, such as an at least partially leached PCD table that is bonded to the substrate 104 in an HPHT process by infiltration of metal-solvent catalyst therein from the substrate 104 or other source that is subsequently leached therefrom.

Referring specifically to FIG. 1C, the PCD table 102 includes a first region 120 adjacent to the interfacial surface 106 of the substrate 104. A metallic constituent (e.g., metal-solvent catalyst or a metallic infiltrant) infiltrated from the substrate 104 during HPHT processing occupies the interstitial regions of the first region of the PCD table 102. For example, the metal-solvent catalyst may be cobalt from a cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide substrate that infiltrated into the first region 120. In the illustrated embodiment, the PCD table 102 also includes a leached second region 122 remote from the substrate 104 for enhancing thermal stability. However, in other embodiments, the PCD table 102 may be unleached. The leached region 122 includes the major surface 116, the chamfer 118, and a portion of the peripheral surface 114. The leached second region 122 extends inwardly to a selected depth or depths from the major surface 116, the chamfer 118, and a portion of the peripheral surface 114.

The leached second region 122 has been leached to deplete the metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant therefrom that used to occupy the interstitial regions between the bonded diamond grains of the leached second region 122. The leaching may be performed in a suitable acid (e.g., aqua regia, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or combinations thereof) so that the leached second region 122 is substantially free of the metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant. As a result of the metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant being depleted from the leached second region 122, the leached second region 122 is relatively more thermally stable that the underlying first region 120. Generally, a maximum leach depth 123 may be at least about 50 μm, greater than 100 μm, about 65 μm to about 120 μm, or even greater than 250 μm. For example, the maximum leach depth 123 for the leached second region 122 may be greater than 300 μm to about 425 μm, greater than 350 μm to about 400 μm, greater than 350 μm to about 375 μm, about 375 μm to about 400 μm, or about 500 μm to about 650 μm. The maximum leach depth 123 may be measured inwardly from at least one of the major surface 116, the chamfer 118, or the peripheral surface 114.

The PCD table 102 exhibits a thickness 124 over the raised region 108. In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 124 is the minimum thickness of the PCD table 102 and is located immediately over the upper surface 109 of the raised region 108 as measured from the major surface 116. However, the thickness 124 may be used to represent any cross-sectional thickness of the PCD table 102 over the raised region 108. A maximum thickness 126 of the PCD table 102 is located immediately over the peripheral region 110 as measured from the major surface 116. The thickness 124 may be about 2500 μm or less, about 500 μm to about 1900 μm, about 500 μm to about 1000 μm, about 500 μm to about 800 μm, or about 750 μm to about 950 μm. The maximum thickness 126 of the PCD table 102 in the peripheral region 110 may be about 1.1 to about 3 times greater than the thickness 124 of the PCD table 102 in the non-peripheral raised region 108, such as about 1125 μm to about 5700 μm, about 2285 μm to about 3000 μm, or about 2285 μm to about 3500 μm. A ratio of the thickness 124 of the PCD table 102 to the maximum leach depth 123 may be about 1.25 to about 8.0, about 1.25 to about 6.5, about 1.25 to about 4.0, or about 2.0 to about 5.0.

In some embodiments, the ratio of the maximum distance “h” to the maximum thickness 126 of the PCD table 102 is greater than or equal to 0.13. For example, the ratio of the maximum height “h” to the maximum thickness 126 of the PCD table 102 may be about 0.17 to about 0.2, about 0.2 to about 0.4, about 0.45 to about 0.55, about 0.52 to about 0.58.

In some embodiments, the ratio of the volume of the raised region 108 to the volume of the PCD table 102 is greater than or equal to 0.15. For example, the ratio of the volume of the raised region 108 to the volume of the PCD table 102 may be about 0.15 to about 0.50, about 0.20 to about 0.30, about 0.25 to about 0.45, or about 0.35 to about 0.50.

In some embodiments, the surface area of the raised region 108 may be about 60% or more of the surface area of the interfacial surface 106. For example, the surface area of the raised region 108 may be about 60% to about 85%, about 65% to about 75%, or about 70% to about 75% of the surface area of the interfacial surface 106.

It is noted that embodiments for the PDC 100 may exhibit any suitable combination of aforementioned characteristics. For example, the PDC 100 may exhibit any suitable combination of the disclosed thicknesses and/or thickness ranges for the thickness 124, leach depths, maximum thicknesses 126 and/or thickness ranges for the maximum thickness 126, ratios and/or ratio ranges for the ratio of the thickness 124 to the maximum leach depth 123, ratios or ratio ranges for the ratio of the maximum height “h” to the maximum thickness 126 of the PCD table 102, ratios or ratio ranges for the ratio of volume of the raised region 108 to the volume of the PCD table 102, and the surface area of the raised region 108 relative to the surface area of the interfacial surface 106.

Because the metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant that previously occupied the interstitial regions of the leached second region 122 has a significantly higher coefficient of thermal expansion than that of the diamond grains, the PCD table 102 exhibits relatively high radial compressive stresses at and near the raised region 108 of the substrate 104. In other words, during cooling from the HPHT sintering process used to sinter and/or bond the PCD table 110 to the substrate 104, the metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant in the PCD table 110 contracts more rapidly during cooling and induces radial compressive stresses in the PCD table 110 at and near the raised region 108.

Depleting the metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant via leaching to form the leached second region 122 relieves some of the residual radial compressive stresses. High residual radial compressive stresses are typically desirable in a PCD table to help prevent crack propagation therein. Conventionally, after leaching, the radial compressive stresses can be relieved to such an extent that the PCD table 102 is significantly less damage tolerant, such as a reduced impact resistance and/or a reduced fracture toughness. However, the raised region 108 of the interfacial surface 106 of the substrate 104 in combination with the reduced cross-sectional area of the PCD table 102 over the raised region 108 may result in significantly higher radial compressive stresses in the PCD table 102 than if the interfacial surface 106 were planar. Contraction of the raised region 108 during cooling from the HPHT process used to form or bond the PCD table 102 induces higher compressive stresses in the PCD table 102 at and near the raised region 108 than would occur if the interfacial surface 106 was planar. Consequently, after leaching to form the leached second region 122, the residual radial compressive stresses in the PCD table 102 at and near the raised region 108 are retained at a sufficient damage tolerant level. In some embodiments, it is believed that the residual radial compressive stresses in the PCD table 102 may be at a level comparable to or may be approximately equal to the residual radial compressive stress that would be present in the PCD table 102 if the interfacial surface 106 was generally planar and the PCD table 102 was un-leached.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C are isometric, exploded isometric, and assembled cross-sectional views, respectively, of a PDC 200 comprising a substrate 202 including an interfacial surface 204 exhibiting multiple raised arms according to another embodiment. The substrate 202 may be made from the same carbide materials as the substrate 104 shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. The interfacial surface 204 of the substrate 202 includes a plurality of raised arms 206 that extend outwardly from a face 208 to define a raised region. The face 208 may be substantially planar, as in the illustrated embodiment, concave, or convex. Each raised arm 206 extends radially from a central region (e.g., a centerline) of the substrate 202 and is substantially equally circumferentially spaced from an adjacent raised arm 206. However, in other embodiments, some or all of the raised arms 206 may be non-equally circumferentially spaced from each other. In the illustrated embodiment, each raised arm 206 includes a plurality of elongated protrusions 210. Optionally, for example, each of the elongated protrusions 210 may be oriented substantially parallel with each other. However, in other embodiments, the elongated protrusions 210 may be omitted so that the upper surface of each raised arm 206 is substantially flat.

The elongated protrusions 210 may be located above the face 208 of the interfacial surface 204 a maximum height “h.” For example, the distance “h” may be about 800 μm or less, such as 300 μm to about 800 μm, about 325 μm to about 425 μm, about 250 μm to about 310 μm, about 100 μm to about 275 μm, about 275 μm to about 305 μm, or about 700 μm to about 800 μm.

The PDC 200 further includes a PCD table 212 bonded to the interfacial surface 204 of the substrate 202. The PCD table 212 includes an interfacial surface 215 (FIG. 2C) that may be configured to correspond to the topography of the interfacial surface 204 of the substrate 202. For example, elongated protrusions 233 of the PCD table 212 may fill each groove defined between adjacent elongated protrusions 210. The PCD table 212 further includes an upper surface 217 having a major upper surface 219, at least one peripheral surface 225, and a peripherally-extending chamfer 221 extending therebetween.

The PCD table 212 includes a first region 214 extending inwardly from the interfacial surface 215 (see FIG. 2C) in which the interstitial regions have metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant disposed therein that was infiltrated from the substrate 202. The PCD table 212 also includes a leached second region 216 extending inwardly from the major upper surface 219 and chamfer 221 in which the interstitial regions have been depleted of metal-solvent catalyst. Generally, a maximum leach depth 223 (see FIG. 2C) may be at least about 50 μm, greater than 100 μm, about 65 μm to about 120 μm, or even greater than 250 μm. For example, the maximum leach depth 223 for the leached second region 216 may be greater than 300 μm to about 425 μm, greater than 350 μm to about 400 μm, greater than 350 μm to about 375 μm, about 375 μm to about 400 μm, or about 500 μm to about 650 μm. The maximum leach depth 223 may be measured inwardly from at least one of the major upper surface 219, the peripheral surface 225, or the chamfer 221.

The PCD table 212 exhibits a maximum thickness 218 (see FIG. 2C) over a peripheral region of the face 208 and a thickness 220 (see FIG. 2C) over the raised arms 206 of the substrate 204. In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 220 is a minimum thickness of the PCD table 212 over the raised arms 206. However, the thickness 220 may be used to represent any cross-sectional thickness of the PCD table 212. The thickness 220 of the PCD table 212 may be about 2500 μm or less, about 500 μm to about 1900 μm, about 500 μm to about 1000 μm, about 500 μm to about 800 μm, or about 750 μm to about 950 μm. The maximum thickness 218 of the PCD table 212 in the peripheral region may be about 1.1 to about 3 times greater than the thickness 220 of the PCD table 212 over the raised arms 206. For example, the maximum thickness 218 may be about 1125 μm to about 5700 μm, about 2285 μm to about 3000 μm, or about 2285 μm to about 3500 μm. A ratio of the thickness 220 of the PCD table 212 to the maximum leach depth 223 may be about 1.25 to about 8.0, about 1.25 to about 6.5, about 1.25 to about 4.0, or about 2.0 to about 5.0.

The thickness of the PCD table 212 increases with distance toward a perimeter 213 of the PDC 200. After leaching to form the leached second region 216, the combination of the raised arms 206 and the reduced cross-sectional thickness of the PCD table 212 over the raised arms 206 results in a sufficient level of radial compressive residual stresses being retained even after leaching.

In some embodiments, the ratio of the maximum height “h” to the maximum thickness 218 of the PCD table 212 is greater than or equal to 0.13. For example, the ratio of the maximum height “h” to the maximum thickness 218 of the PCD table 212 may be about 0.17 to about 0.2, about 0.2 to about 0.30, about 0.4 to about 0.5, about 0.45 to about 0.55, about 0.52 to about 0.58.

In some embodiments, the ratio of the volume of the raised arms 206 to the volume of the PCD table 212 is greater than or equal to 0.15. For example, the ratio of the volume of the raised arms 206 to the volume of the PCD table 212 may be about 0.15 to about 0.50, about 0.20 to about 0.30, about 0.25 to about 0.45, or about 0.35 to about 0.50.

In some embodiments, the surface area of the raised arms 206 may be about 60% or more of the surface area of the interfacial surface 204. For example, the surface area of the raised arms 206 may be about 60% to about 85%, about 65% to about 75%, or about 70% to about 75% of the surface area of the interfacial surface 204.

It is noted that embodiments for the PDC 200 may exhibit any suitable combination of aforementioned characteristics. For example, the PDC 200 may exhibit any suitable combination of the disclosed thicknesses and/or thickness ranges for the thickness 220, leach depths, maximum thicknesses and/or thickness ranges for the maximum thickness 218, ratios and/or ratio ranges for the ratio of the thickness 220 to the maximum leach depth 223, ratios or ratio ranges for the ratio of the maximum height “h” to the maximum thickness 218 of the PCD table 212, ratios or ratio ranges for the ratio of volume of the raised arms 206 to the volume of the PCD table 212, and the surface area of the raised arms 206 relative to the surface area of the interfacial surface 204.

Referring to FIGS. 3A-3E, in addition to the substrate geometries shown in FIGS. 1A-2C, a number of other embodiments are disclosed herein for the interfacial surface geometry of the substrate. For example, FIGS. 3A and 3B are top plan and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a substrate 300 exhibiting a substrate configuration according to yet another embodiment. The substrate 300 may be made from the same carbide materials as the substrate 104 shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. The substrate 300 includes a substrate body 301 including an interfacial surface 302. The interfacial surface 302 includes three raised arms 304 that extend outwardly from a face 306. The face 306 may be planar as illustrated, concave, or convex. The raised arms 304 extend radially from a centerline of the substrate 300 and are generally equally circumferentially spaced from each other. Each raised arm 304 extends to a maximum height “h” above the face 306 so that they are generally coplanar with each other. For example, the maximum height “h” may be about 800 μm or less, such as about 300 μm to about 800 μm, about 325 μm to about 425 μm, about 250 μm to about 310 μm, about 100 μm to about 275 μm, about 275 μm to about 305 μm, or about 700 μm to about 800 μm.

FIG. 3C is top plan view of a substrate 308 exhibiting a substrate configuration according to yet another embodiment. The substrate 308 may be made from the same carbide materials as the substrate 104 shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. The substrate 308 includes a substrate body 310 including an interfacial surface 312. The interfacial surface 312 includes two opposing raised arms 314 that are generally aligned with each other. The raised arms 314 extend above a face 316 to a maximum height. For example, the maximum height may be about 800 μm or less, such as about 300 μm to about 800 μm, about 325 μm to about 425 μm, about 250 μm to about 310 μm, about 100 μm to about 275 μm, about 275 μm to about 305 μm, or about 700 μm to about 800 μm.

In some embodiments, the geometry of the raised arms 314 may differ than that illustrated in FIG. 3C. For example, the single raised arm 314′ shown in FIG. 3D exhibits a more uniform width than that of the raised arms 314 shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B.

FIG. 3E is top plan view of a substrate 318 exhibiting a substrate configuration according to yet a further embodiment. The substrate 318 may be made from the same carbide materials as the substrate 104 shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. The substrate 318 includes a substrate body 320 including an interfacial surface 322. The interfacial surface 322 includes a plurality of raised arms 324 that are radially extending from central body 325. The raised arms 324 are substantially equally circumferentially spaced from each about a centerline 327. The raised arms 324 extend above a face 326 to a maximum height. For example, the maximum height may be about 800 μm or less, such as about 300 μm to about 800 μm, about 325 μm to about 425 μm, about 250 μm to about 310 μm, about 100 μm to about 275 μm, about 275 μm to about 305 μm, or about 700 μm to about 800 μm.

Although not shown, the upper surface the raised arms 304, 314, and 324 shown in FIGS. 3A, 3C, and 3D, respectively, may each include a plurality of raised protrusions similar to the protrusions 210 shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Such protrusions may further increase residual radial compressive stresses in a PCD table of a PDC. Additionally, in any of the substrates shown in FIGS. 2A-3D, one or more witness marks (e.g., grooves) may be disposed between adjacent raised arms and/or on opposing sides of each raised arm to assist with alignment of a PDC on a bit body of a drill bit or other structure. For example, grooves 307 are optionally formed in the interfacial surface 302 on opposing sides of the raised arms 304 shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, grooves 311 are optionally formed in the interfacial surface 312 between raised arms 314 shown in FIGS. 3C and 3D, and grooves 321 are optionally formed in the interfacial surface 322 between raised arms 324 shown in FIG. 3E.

Depending on the manner in which the PDC 100 or 200 is manufactured, the PCD table 102 or 212 may exhibit a non-uniform leach depth profile. For example, FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the PDC 100 in which the PCD table 102 thereof exhibits a non-uniform leach depth profile according to an embodiment. The leach depth varies with radial distance from the centerline of the PDC 100 and toward the peripheral surface 114 of the PCD table 102.

The leached second region 122 is labeled as leached second region 122′ and first region 120 is labeled as first region 120′ in order to highlight that the geometry is different than the leached second region 122 and the first region 120 shown in FIG. 1C. The leached second region 122′ includes a peripheral region 400 that extends inwardly from the chamfer 118 and the peripheral surface 114. The peripheral region 400 extends about a non-peripheral region 402 that extends inwardly from the major surface 116. For example, the non-peripheral region 402 may be generally centrally located in the PCD table 102, with the peripheral region 400 extending thereabout.

The leach depth in the peripheral region 400 is indicated by D1 and measured inwardly from the chamfer 118 and/or the peripheral surface 114. The leach depth in the non-peripheral region 402 is indicated by D2 and measured inwardly from the major surface 116. The maximum leach depth for the leach depth D1 in the peripheral region 400 may be about 5 percent to about 60 percent, about 5 percent to about 50 percent, about 25 percent to about 50 percent, about 5 percent to about 15 percent, or about 8 percent to about 12 percent less than the maximum leach depth D2 _(max) for the leach depth D2 in the non-peripheral region 402. The maximum leach depth D2 _(max) for the leach depth D2 in the non-peripheral region 400 may be, in some embodiments, generally centrally located as illustrated. The shallower leach depth D1 and higher metal-solvent catalyst content in the peripheral region 400 may provide a more impact-resistant edge region for the PCD table 102, while still also providing sufficient thermal stability. The non-peripheral region 402 extends along substantially all of or a majority of the major surface 116. For example, the major surface 116 that partially defines the non-peripheral region may function predominantly as the working surface when cutting a subterranean formation, and benefits from the deeper average leach depth D2 in the non-peripheral region 402 that imparts enhanced thermal stability to the non-peripheral region 402 relative to the peripheral region 400.

While the leach depth profile illustrated in FIG. 4 is substantially symmetric about the centerline of the PDC 100 or a plane of symmetry of the PDC 100 that includes the centerline, the leach depth profile may be asymmetric about the centerline in other embodiments. Generally, a maximum leach depth of the leach depth profile may be greater than about 50 μm. For example, the maximum leach depth for the leach depth D1 on one side of the centerline or the plane of symmetry may be about 5 to about 15 percent less than a maximum leach depth for the leach depth D1 on the other side of the central axis 122.

Although the leach depth D2 is illustrated as decreasing gradually with radial distance from the centerline in FIG. 4, in other embodiments, the leach depth D2 may vary more rapidly or may be substantially uniform (see FIGS. 1C and 2C). In an embodiment, the leach depth D2 may decrease more rapidly with radial distance from the centerline proximate to the peripheral region 400 of the leached second region 122′ than in the illustrated embodiment shown in FIG. 4.

In an embodiment, prior to forming the leached second region 122′, the chamfer 118 may be formed using an abrasive grinding process (e.g., grinding via a diamond-resin-bonded abrasive wheel) and the major surface 116 may be planarized using a relatively less aggressive material removal process, such as lapping in a diamond slurry. The peripheral surface 114 may be defined using a centerless abrasive grinding process or other suitable grinding process. The abrasive grinding process used to form the chamfer 118 and grind the peripheral surface 114 may tend to fracture some of the diamond grains and/or the abrasive wheel and embed the fractured material in the metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant. The less aggressive lapping process that may be used to form the major surface 116 does not tend to fracture the diamond grains and/or the abrasive wheel. It is currently believed by the inventors that the fractured material embedded in the metal-solvent catalyst may inhibit removal of the metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant in the peripheral region 400 compared to the non-peripheral region 402 so that the maximum and/or average leach depth D1 of the peripheral region 400 is less than that of the maximum and/or average leach depth D2 in the non-peripheral region 402.

It is also currently believed by the inventors that as pressure employed in the HPHT process used to fabricate the PCD table 102 and/or the PDC 100 increases to about 7.5 GPa or more, the volume of diamond present in the peripheral region 400 of the PCD table 102 may be greater than the volume of diamond in the non-peripheral region 402. In addition to or as an alternative to the fractured material inhibiting removal of the metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant from the peripheral region 400 of the PCD table 102, this increased diamond volume in the peripheral region 400 may contribute to the non-uniformity of the leach depth profile of the leached second region 122′ of the PCD table 102.

In some embodiments, the maximum and/or average leach depth D1 of a side section of the peripheral region 400 that extends inwardly from the peripheral surface 114 may be greater than the maximum and/or average leach depth D1 of a chamfer section of the peripheral region 400 that extends inwardly from the chamfer 118. For example, the maximum and/or average leach depth D1 of the side section may be about 2 percent to about 5 percent greater than the maximum and/or average leached depth D1 of the chamfer section, respectively. The maximum and/or average leach depth D1 of the side section may increase when the grinding process used to define the peripheral surface 114 is substantially less aggressive than the grinding process used to form the chamfer 118.

In the illustrated embodiments shown in FIGS. 1A-3D, the PDCs are cylindrical. For example, with reference to FIG. 4, the peripheral region 400 of the leached second region 122′ may exhibit a generally ring-shaped geometry, while the non-peripheral region 402 exhibits a generally disk-shaped geometry. However, in other embodiments, the PDCs disclosed herein may exhibit other suitable configurations (e.g., triangular, rectangular, elliptical, or other suitable configuration) that may exhibit one or more peripheral surfaces or sides.

In some embodiments, the interstitial regions of the leached second regions 122, 122′, or 216 of the PDCs 100 and 200 may be infiltrated with a replacement material in a second HPHT process. For example, incorporating a replacement material into the leached second regions 122, 122′, or 216 may increase abrasion resistance without substantially compromising thermal stability. For example, the replacement material may comprise a nonmetallic material selected from a carbonate (e.g., one or more carbonates of Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), a sulfate (e.g., one or more sulfates of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), a hydroxide (e.g., one or more hydroxides of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), elemental phosphorous and/or a derivative thereof, a chloride (e.g., one or more chlorides of Li, Na, and K), elemental sulfur, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., naphthalene, anthracene, pentacene, perylene, coronene, or combinations of the foregoing) and/or a derivative thereof, a chlorinated hydrocarbon and/or a derivative thereof, a semiconductor material (e.g., germanium or a geranium alloy), and combinations of the foregoing. For example, one suitable carbonate material is an alkali metal carbonate material including a mixture of sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, and potassium carbonate that form a low-melting ternary eutectic system. This mixture and other suitable alkali metal carbonate materials are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/185,457, which is incorporated herein, in its entirety, by this reference. The infiltrated alkali metal carbonate material disposed in the interstitial regions of the leached second region may be partially or substantially completely converted to one or more corresponding alkali metal oxides by suitable heat treatment following infiltration.

In another embodiment, the replacement material may comprise a material that is relatively noncatalytic with respect to diamond, such as silicon or a silicon-cobalt alloy. The silicon or a silicon-cobalt alloy may at least partially react with the diamond grains of the leached second region so that it comprises silicon carbide, cobalt carbide, a mixed carbide of cobalt and silicon, or combinations of the foregoing and may also include silicon and/or a silicon-cobalt alloy (e.g., cobalt silicide). For example, silicon carbide, cobalt carbide, and a mixed carbide of cobalt and silicon are reaction products that may be formed by the replacement material reacting with the diamond grains of the leached second region.

FIGS. 5A-5C are cross-sectional views at different stages during the fabrication of the PDC 100 shown in FIGS. 1A-1C according to an embodiment of a method. Referring to FIG. 5A, an assembly 500 may be formed by disposing one or more layers 502 of diamond particles adjacent to the interfacial surface 106′ of the substrate 104′. In the illustrated embodiment, the substrate 104′ is the precursor to the substrate 104, and a width w′ of a peripheral region 110′ is greater because material from the substrate 104′ and the PDC so-formed during HPHT process may be removed to form the final PCD table/substrate dimensions. The plurality of diamond particles of the one or more layers 502 of diamond particles may exhibit one or more selected sizes. The one or more selected sizes may be determined, for example, by passing the diamond particles through one or more sizing sieves or by any other method. In an embodiment, the plurality of diamond particles may include a relatively larger size and at least one relatively smaller size. As used herein, the phrases “relatively larger” and “relatively smaller” refer to particle sizes determined by any suitable method, which differ by at least a factor of two (e.g., 40 μm and 20 μm). In various embodiments, the plurality of diamond particles may include a portion exhibiting a relatively larger size (e.g., 100 μm, 90 μm, 80 μm, 70 μm, 60 μm, 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 15 μm, 12 μm, 10 μm, 8 μm) and another portion exhibiting at least one relatively smaller size (e.g., 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 12 μm, 10 μm, 8 μm, 4 μm, 2 μm, 1 μm, 0.5 μm less than 0.5 μm, 0.1 μm, less than 0.1 μm). In an embodiment, the plurality of diamond particles may include a portion exhibiting a relatively larger size between about 40 μm and about 15 μm and another portion exhibiting a relatively smaller size between about 12 μm and 2 μm. Of course, the plurality of diamond particles may also include three or more different sizes (e.g., one relatively larger size and two or more relatively smaller sizes), without limitation.

In some embodiments, non-diamond carbon, such as graphite particles, fullerenes, other non-diamond carbon, or combinations of the foregoing may be mixed with the plurality of diamond particles. The non-diamond carbon substantially converts to diamond during the HPHT fabrication process discussed in more detail below. The presence of the non-diamond carbon during the fabrication of the PCD table 102 is believed to enhance the diamond density of the PCD table 102 so formed and also result in relative greater non-uniformity in the leach depth profile of, for example, the leached second region 122′ shown in FIG. 4A. The non-diamond carbon may be selected to be present in a mixture with the plurality of diamond particles in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %, such as about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 9 wt %, about 2 wt % to about 9 wt %, about 3 wt % to about 6 wt %, about 4.5 wt % to about 5.5 wt %, about 5 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 0.8 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 0.50 wt %.

The graphite particles employed for the non-diamond carbon may exhibit an average particle size of about 1 μm to about 5 μm (e.g., about 1 μm to about 3 μm) so that the graphite particles may fit into interstitial regions defined by the plurality of diamond particles. According to various embodiments, the graphite particles may be crystalline graphite particles, amorphous graphite particles, synthetic graphite particles, or combinations thereof. The term “amorphous graphite” refers to naturally occurring microcrystalline graphite. Crystalline graphite particles may be naturally occurring or synthetic. Various types of graphite particles are commercially available from Ashbury Graphite Mills of Kittanning, Pa.

The assembly 500 including the substrate 104 and the one or more layers 502 of diamond particles may be placed in a pressure transmitting medium, such as a refractory metal can embedded in pyrophyllite or other pressure transmitting medium. The pressure transmitting medium, including the assembly 500 enclosed therein, may be subjected to an HPHT process using an ultra-high pressure press to create temperature and pressure conditions at which diamond is stable. The temperature of the HPHT process may be at least about 1000° C. (e.g., about 1200° C. to about 1600° C.) and the pressure of the HPHT process may be at least 4.0 GPa (e.g., about 5.0 GPa to about 12 GPa or about 7.5 GPa to about 11 GPa) for a time sufficient to sinter the diamond particles to form a PCD table 102′ that is shown in FIG. 5B. For example, the pressure of the HPHT process may be about 8 GPa to about 10 GPa and the temperature of the HPHT process may be about 1150° C. to about 1450° C. (e.g., about 1200° C. to about 1400° C.). Upon cooling from the HPHT process, the PCD table 102′ becomes bonded (e.g., metallurgically) to the substrate 104′. The foregoing pressure values employed in the HPHT process refer to the pressure in the pressure transmitting medium that transfers the pressure from the ultra-high pressure press to the assembly 300.

During the HPHT process, metal-solvent catalyst from the substrate 104′ may be liquefied and may infiltrate into the diamond particles of the one or more layers 502 of diamond particles. The infiltrated metal-solvent catalyst functions as a catalyst that catalyzes formation of directly bonded-together diamond grains from the diamond particles to form the PCD table 102′. The PCD table 102′ is comprised of a plurality of directly bonded-together diamond grains, with the infiltrated metal-solvent catalyst disposed interstitially between the bonded diamond grains.

Referring to FIG. 5C, the PCD table 102′ may be subjected to a planarization process, such as lapping, to planarize an upper surface of the PCD table 102′ and form the major surface 116. A grinding process may be used to form the chamfer 118 in the PCD table 102′ before or after the planarization process. The peripheral surface 114 may be defined by grinding the PCD table 102′ and the substrate 104′ may be ground using a centerless abrasive grinding process or other suitable process before or after the planarization process and/or forming the chamfer 118 to define the peripheral surface 114 and reduce the width w′ of the peripheral region 110′ to the width w. For example, prior to grinding, a ratio of h/w′ may be about 0.30 or less, such as about 0.27 or less, or about 0.15 to about 0.26. After forming the major surface 116 and the chamfer 118, the PCD table 102′ may be leached in a suitable acid to form the leached second region 122 (FIG. 1C), while the un-leached region of the PCD table 102′ is represented as the first region 120 in FIG. 1C. For example, the acid may be aqua regia, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or combinations thereof. The inventors currently believe that as the aggressiveness of the grinding process to form the chamfer 118 and/or the pressure of the HPHT process to form the PCD table 102′ increases, the leach depth profile may become progressively more non-uniform. The composition of the PCD table 102′ may also influence the non-uniformity of the leach depth profile.

FIGS. 6A-6C are cross-sectional views at different stages during the fabrication of the PDC 100 shown in FIGS. 1A-1C according to an embodiment of a method for fabricating the PDC 100 that employs a pre-sintered PCD table. Referring to FIG. 6A, an assembly 600 is formed by disposing an at least partially leached PCD table 602 adjacent to the interfacial surface 106′ of the substrate 104′. In the illustrated embodiment, the substrate 104′ is the precursor to the substrate 104, and the width w′ of the peripheral region 110′ is greater because material from the substrate 104′ and the PDC so-formed during HPHT process may be removed to form the final PCD table/substrate dimensions. The at least partially leached PCD table 602 includes an upper surface 604 and an opposing interfacial surface 606 positioned adjacent to the interfacial surface 106 of the substrate 104′. The interfacial surface 606 of the at least partially leached PCD table 602 is configured to correspond to the geometry of the interfacial surface 106′ of the substrate 104′. The at least partially leached PCD table 602 includes a plurality of directly bonded-together diamond grains defining interstitial regions that form a network of at least partially interconnected pores, which enables fluid to flow from the substrate interfacial surface 606 to the upper surface 604.

The at least partially leached PCD table 602 may be formed by HPHT sintering a plurality of diamond particles (e.g., with or without a substrate) exhibiting any of the disclosed particle size distributions in the presence of a metal-solvent catalyst, and removing at least a portion of or substantially all the metal-solvent catalyst from sintered PCD body by leaching. The HPHT sintering may be performed using any of the disclosed HPHT process conditions. In some embodiments, any of the disclosed non-diamond carbon materials may be mixed with the plurality of diamond particles in any of the disclosed amounts. For example, the metal-solvent catalyst may be infiltrated into the diamond particles from a metal-solvent catalyst disc (e.g., a cobalt disc), mixed with the diamond particles, infiltrated from a cemented carbide substrate, or combinations of the foregoing. The metal-solvent catalyst may be at least partially removed from the sintered PCD body by immersing the sintered PCD body in an acid, such as aqua regia, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or other suitable acid. For example, the sintered PCD body may be immersed in the acid for about 2 to about 7 days (e.g., about 3, 5, or 7 days) or for a few weeks (e.g., about 4 weeks) depending on the process employed to form the at least partially leached PCD table 602.

The assembly 600 may be placed in a pressure transmitting medium, such as a refractory metal can embedded in pyrophyllite or other pressure transmitting medium. The pressure transmitting medium, including the assembly 600 enclosed therein, may be subjected to an HPHT process using an ultra-high pressure press using any of the disclosed HPHT process conditions so that metal-solvent catalyst/metallic infiltrant from the substrate 104 is liquefied and infiltrates into the interstitial regions of the at least partially leached PCD table 602. For example, the pressure of the HPHT process may be about 5 GPa to about 7 GPa and the temperature of the HPHT process may be about 1150° C. to about 1450° C. (e.g., about 1200° C. to about 1400° C.). Upon cooling from the HPHT process, the infiltrated PCD table represented as PCD table 608 in FIG. 6B becomes bonded to the substrate 104′.

Referring to FIG. 6C, the upper surface 604 of the PCD table 608 may be subjected to a planarization process, such as lapping, to form the major surface 116. A grinding process may be used to form the chamfer 118 in the PCD table 608 before or after the planarization process. The PCD table 608 and the substrate 104′ may be ground using a centerless abrasive grinding process or other suitable process before or after the planarization process and/or forming the chamfer 118 to define the peripheral surface 114 and reduce the width w′ of the peripheral region 110′ to the width w. For example, prior to grinding, a ratio of h/w′ may be about 0.30 or less, such as about 0.27 or less, or about 0.15 to about 0.26. After forming the major surface 116 and the chamfer 118, the PCD table 608 may be leached in a suitable acid to form the leached second region 122 (FIG. 1C), while the un-leached region of the PCD table 608 is represented as the first region 120 in FIG. 1C. Again, the inventors currently believe that as the aggressiveness of the grinding process used to form the chamfer 118 and/or the pressure of the HPHT process used to form the PCD table 102′ increases, the leach depth profile may become progressively more non-uniform. The composition of the PCD table 102′ may also influence the non-uniformity of the leach depth profile.

It is noted that although the substrate 104′ having the raised region 108 with a generally cylindrical geometry is shown in FIGS. 5A-6C, other substrate geometries may be used. For example, the substrate 202, the substrate 300, the substrate 308, the substrate 318, precursor substrates thereof, or other suitable substrate geometry may be used.

Regardless of whether the PCD table is integrally formed with the substrate or separately formed and bonded to the substrate in a separate HPHT process, in some embodiments, a replacement material may be infiltrated into interstitial regions of the leached second region in a second HPHT process. For example, the replacement material may be disposed adjacent to the upper surface 116 and/or the peripheral surface 114, and infiltrate the interstitial regions of the leached second region 122 or 122′ during the second HPHT process. According to various embodiments, the replacement material may be selected from a carbonate (e.g., one or more carbonates of Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), a sulfate (e.g., one or more sulfates of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), a hydroxide (e.g., one or more hydroxides of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), elemental phosphorous and/or a derivative thereof, a chloride (e.g., one or more chlorides of Li, Na, and K), elemental sulfur, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., naphthalene, anthracene, pentacene, perylene, coronene, or combinations of the foregoing) and/or a derivative thereof, a chlorinated hydrocarbon and/or a derivative thereof, a semiconductor material (e.g., germanium or a geranium alloy), and combinations of the foregoing. For example, one suitable carbonate material is an alkali metal carbonate material including a mixture of sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, and potassium carbonate that form a low-melting ternary eutectic system. This mixture and other suitable alkali metal carbonate materials are disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/185,457. The infiltrated alkali metal carbonate material disposed in the interstitial regions of the leached second region 122 may be partially or substantially completely converted to one or more corresponding alkali metal oxides by suitable heat treatment following infiltration.

In another embodiment, the replacement material may comprise silicon or a silicon-cobalt alloy. The replacement material may at least partially react with the diamond grains of the leached second region 122 or 122′ to form silicon carbide, cobalt carbide, a mixed carbide of cobalt and silicon, or combinations of the foregoing, while unreacted amounts of the replacement material may also remain and include silicon and/or a silicon-cobalt alloy (e.g., cobalt silicide). For example, silicon carbide, cobalt carbide, and a mixed carbide of cobalt and silicon are reaction products that may be formed by the replacement material reacting with the diamond grains of the leached second region 122 or 122′. In an embodiment, the silicon-cobalt replacement material may be present in a layer placed adjacent to the upper surface 116, which includes silicon particles present in an amount of about 50 to about 60 wt % and cobalt particles present in an amount of about 40 to about 50 wt %. In a more specific embodiment, the layer includes silicon particles and cobalt particles present in an amount of about equal to or near a eutectic composition of the silicon-cobalt chemical system. In some embodiments, the silicon particles and cobalt particles may be held together by an organic binder to form a green layer of cobalt and silicon particles. In another embodiment, the layer may comprise a thin sheet of a silicon-cobalt alloy or a green layer of silicon-cobalt alloy particles formed by mechanical alloying having a low-melting eutectic or near eutectic composition.

FIG. 7 is an isometric view and FIG. 8 is a top elevation view of an embodiment of a rotary drill bit 700 that includes at least one PDC configured according to any of the disclosed PDC embodiments. The rotary drill bit 700 comprises a bit body 702 that includes radially and longitudinally extending blades 704 having leading faces 706, and a threaded pin connection 708 for connecting the bit body 702 to a drilling string. The bit body 702 defines a leading end structure for drilling into a subterranean formation by rotation about a longitudinal axis 710 and application of weight-on-bit. At least one PDC, configured according to any of the disclosed PDC embodiments, may be affixed to the bit body 702. With reference to FIG. 8, each of a plurality of PDCs 712 is secured to the blades 704 of the bit body 702 (FIG. 7). For example, each PDC 712 may include a PCD table 714 bonded to a substrate 716. More generally, the PDCs 712 may comprise any PDC disclosed herein, without limitation. In addition, if desired, in some embodiments, a number of the PDCs 712 may be conventional in construction. Also, circumferentially adjacent blades 704 define so-called junk slots 720 therebetween. Additionally, the rotary drill bit 700 includes a plurality of nozzle cavities 718 for communicating drilling fluid from the interior of the rotary drill bit 700 to the PDCs 712.

FIGS. 7 and 8 merely depict one embodiment of a rotary drill bit that employs at least one PDC fabricated and structured in accordance with the disclosed embodiments, without limitation. The rotary drill bit 700 is used to represent any number of earth-boring tools or drilling tools, including, for example, core bits, roller-cone bits, fixed-cutter bits, eccentric bits, bi-center bits, reamers, reamer wings, or any other downhole tool including superabrasive compacts, without limitation.

The PDCs disclosed herein (e.g., PDC 100 of FIGS. 1A-1C) may also be utilized in applications other than cutting technology. For example, the disclosed PDC embodiments may be used in wire dies, bearings, artificial joints, inserts, cutting elements, and heat sinks Thus, any of the PDCs disclosed herein may be employed in an article of manufacture including at least one superabrasive element or compact.

Thus, the embodiments of PDCs disclosed herein may be used in any apparatus or structure in which at least one conventional PDC is typically used. In one embodiment, a rotor and a stator, assembled to form a thrust-bearing apparatus, may each include one or more PDCs (e.g., PDC 100 of FIGS. 1A-1C) configured according to any of the embodiments disclosed herein and may be operably assembled to a downhole drilling assembly. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,410,054; 4,560,014; 5,364,192; 5,368,398; and 5,480,233, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein, in its entirety, by this reference, disclose subterranean drilling systems within which bearing apparatuses utilizing PDCs disclosed herein may be incorporated. The embodiments of PDCs disclosed herein may also form all or part of heat sinks, wire dies, bearing elements, cutting elements, cutting inserts (e.g., on a roller-cone-type drill bit), machining inserts, or any other article of manufacture as known in the art. Other examples of articles of manufacture that may use any of the PDCs disclosed herein are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,811,801; 4,268,276; 4,468,138; 4,738,322; 4,913,247; 5,016,718; 5,092,687; 5,120,327; 5,135,061; 5,154,245; 5,460,233; 5,544,713; and 6,793,681, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein, in its entirety, by this reference.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments are contemplated. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting. Additionally, the words “including,” “having,” and variants thereof (e.g., “includes” and “has”) as used herein, including the claims, shall be open ended and have the same meaning as the word “comprising” and variants thereof (e.g., “comprise” and “comprises”). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A polycrystalline diamond compact, comprising: a substrate including an interfacial surface having a generally cylindrical raised region and a peripheral region extending about the generally cylindrical raised region, the generally cylindrical raised region extending to a non-zero height above the peripheral region of about 450 μm or less, wherein a surface area of the generally cylindrical raised region comprises at least 60 percent of the surface area of the interfacial surface of the substrate; and a polycrystalline diamond table bonded to the interfacial surface of the substrate and integrally formed with the substrate, the polycrystalline diamond table including an upper surface and at least one peripheral surface, the polycrystalline diamond table including a plurality of bonded diamond grains defining a plurality of interstitial regions, the polycrystalline diamond table including an unleached first region adjacent to the substrate in which at least a portion of the plurality of interstitial regions of the first region includes a metallic constituent disposed therein and a leached region from which the metallic constituent is depleted that extends inwardly from the upper surface to a maximum leach depth of at least about 50 μm; wherein a ratio of a thickness of the polycrystalline diamond table over the generally cylindrical raised region of the substrate to the maximum leach depth is about 1.25 to about 4.0.
 2. The polycrystalline diamond compact of claim 1 wherein the height of the raised region is about 250 μm to about 355 μm.
 3. The polycrystalline diamond compact of claim 1 wherein the peripheral surface exhibits a width of about 200 μm to about 1270 μm.
 4. The polycrystalline diamond compact of claim 3 wherein the peripheral surface exhibits a width of about 250 μm to about 350 μm.
 5. The polycrystalline diamond compact of claim 1 wherein the upper surface of the leached region extends along a peripherally-extending chamfer that extends between the at least one peripheral surface and the upper surface.
 6. The polycrystalline diamond compact of claim 1 wherein a ratio the height of the generally cylindrical raised region to the width of the peripheral region is about 1.1 or less.
 7. The polycrystalline diamond compact of claim 1 wherein a ratio of the volume of the generally cylindrical raised region to the volume of the polycrystalline diamond table is greater than or equal to 0.13.
 8. The polycrystalline diamond compact of claim 1 wherein a ratio of a maximum height of the generally cylindrical raised region to a maximum thickness of the polycrystalline diamond table is greater than or equal to 0.20.
 9. The polycrystalline diamond compact of claim 1 wherein the generally cylindrical raised region of the substrate is generally centrally located.
 10. The polycrystalline diamond compact of claim 1 wherein the metallic constituent comprises at least one of a metal-solvent catalyst or a metallic infiltrant.
 11. A rotary drill bit, comprising: a bit body configured to engage a subterranean formation; and a plurality of polycrystalline diamond cutting elements affixed to the bit body, at least one of the polycrystalline diamond cutting elements including, a substrate including an interfacial surface having a generally cylindrical raised region and a peripheral surface extending about the generally cylindrical raised region, the generally cylindrical raised region extending to a non-zero height above the peripheral surface of about 450 μm or less; and a polycrystalline diamond table bonded to the interfacial surface of the substrate and integrally formed with the substrate, the polycrystalline diamond table including an upper surface and at least one peripheral surface, the polycrystalline diamond table including a plurality of bonded diamond grains defining a plurality of interstitial regions, the polycrystalline diamond table including an unleached first region adjacent to the substrate in which at least a portion of the plurality of interstitial regions of the first region includes a metallic constituent disposed therein and a leached region from which the metallic constituent is depleted that extends inwardly from the upper surface to a selected leach depth. 